o)Chapter 1 Introduction
1.1 Nature of Physical Chemistry
1.2 Units
1.3 Atomic Mass, Molecular Mass, and the Chemical Mole
Chapter 2 Properties of Gases
2.1 Some Definitions
2.2 An Operational Definition of Temperature
2.3 Ideal Gases
Charles' and Gay-Lussac's Law Avogadro's Law The Ideal-Gas Equation Dalton's Law of Partial Pressures
2.4 Real Gases
The van der Waals Equation The Virial Equation of State
2.5 Condensation of Gases and the Critical State
2.6 Kinetic Theory of Gases
The Model Pressure of a Gas Kinetic Energy and Temperature
2.7 The Maxwell Distribution Laws
2.8 Molecular Collisions and the Mean Free Path
2.9 Graham's Laws of Diffusion and Effusion
Chapter 3
The First Law of Thermodynamics
3.1 Work and Heat
Work Heat
3.2 The First Law of Thermodynamics
Enthalpy A Comparison of ∆U with ∆H
3.3 Heat Capacities
Constant-Volume and
Constant-Pressure Heat Capacities
Molecular Interpretation of
Heat Capacity A Comparison of CV with CP
3.4 Gas Expansion
Isothermal Expansions Adiabatic Expansions
3.5 Calorimetry
Constant-Volume Calorimetry Constant-Pressure Calorimetry Differential Scanning Calorimetry
3.6 Thermochemistry
Standard Enthalpy of Formation Dependence of Enthalpy of Reaction on Temperature
3.7 Bond Energies and Bond Enthalpies
Bond Enthalpy and Bond Dissociation Enthalpy
Chapter 4 The Second Law of Thermodynamics
4.1 Spontaneous Processes
4.2 Entropy
Statistical Definition of Entropy Thermodynamic Definition of Entropy The Carnot Heat Engine
4.3 The Second Law of Thermodynamics
4.4 Entropy Changes
Entropy Change due to Mixing of Ideal Gases Entropy Change due to Phase Transitions
4.5 The Third Law of Thermodynamics
Third Law or Absolute Entropies Entropy of Chemical Reactions The Meaning of Entropy
4.6 Gibbs Energy
The Meaning of Gibbs Energy
4.7 Standard Molar Gibbs Energy of Formation (∆f
o)
4.8 Dependence of Gibbs Energy on Temperature and Pressure
Dependence of G on Temperature Dependence of G on Pressure
4.9 Phase Equilibria
The Clapeyron and the Clausius-Clapeyron Equations Phase Diagrams The Phase Rule
4.10 Thermodynamics of Rubber Elasticity
Chapter
5 Solutions
5.1 Concentration Units
Percent by Weight Mole Fraction Molarity (M) Molality (m)
5.2 Partial Molar Quantities
Partial Molar Volume Partial Molar Gibbs Energy The Meaning of Chemical Potential
5.3 The Thermodynamics of Mixing
5.4 Binary Mixtures of Volatile Liquids
Raoult's Law Henry's Law
5.5 Real Solutions
The Solvent Component The Solute Component
5.6 Colligative Properties
Vapor-Pressure Lowering Boiling-Point Elevation Freezing-Point Depression Osmotic Pressure
5.7 Electrolyte Solutions
A Molecular View of the Electrolyte Solution Process Thermodynamics of Ions in Solution Enthalpy, Entropy, and Gibbs Energy of Formation of Ions in Solution
5.8 Ionic Activity
Debye-Hόckel Theory of Electrolytes The Salting-In and Salting-Out Effects
5.9 Colligative Properties of Electrolyte Solutions
The Donnan Effect
5.10 Biological Membranes
Membrane Transport
Appendix 5.1 Notes on Electrostatics
Chapter 6 Chemical Equilibrium
6.1 Chemical Equilibrium in Gaseous Systems
Ideal Gases A Closer Look at Equation 6.7 A Comparison of ∆rG° with ∆rG Real Gases
6.2 Reactions in Solutions
6.3 Heterogeneous Equilibria
6.4 The Influence of Temperature, Pressure, and Catalysts on the Equilibrium Constant
The Effect of Temperature The Effect of Pressure The Effect of a Catalyst
6.5 Binding of Ligands and Metal Ions to Macromolecules
One Binding Site per Macromolecule n Equivalent Binding Sites per Macromolecule
Experimental Studies of Binding Equilibria
The Standard State in Biochemistry ATP - The Currency of Energy Principles of Coupled Reactions Glycolysis Some Limitations of Thermodynamics in Biology
Chapter
7 Electrochemistry
7.1 Electrochemical Cells
7.2 Single Electrode Potentials
7.3 Thermodynamics of Electrochemical Cells
The Nernst Equation Temperature Dependence of EMF
7.4 Types of Electrochemical Cells
Concentration Cells Fuel Cells
7.5 Applications of EMF Measurements
Determination of Activity Coefficients Determination of pH
7.6 Biological Oxidation
The Chemiosmotic Theory of Oxidative Phosphorylation
7.7 Membrane Potential
The Goldman Equation
The Action Potential
Chapter 8 Acids and Bases
8.1 Definitions of Acids and Bases
8.2 Acid-Base Properties of Water
pH - A Measure of Acidity
8.3 Dissociation of Acids and Bases
The Relationship Between the Dissociation Constant of an Acid and Its Conjugate Base Salt Hydrolysis
8.4 Diprotic and Polyprotic Acids
8.5 Buffer Solutions
The Effect of Ionic Strength and Temperature on Buffer Solutions Preparing a Buffer Solution with a Specific pH Buffer Capacity
8.6 Acid-Base Titrations
Acid-Base Indicators
8.7 Amino Acids
Dissociation of Amino Acids The Isoelectric Point (pI) Titration of Proteins
8.8 Maintaining the pH of Blood
Appendix 8.1 A More Exact Treatment of Acid-Base Equilibria
Chapter 9 Chemical Kinetics
9.1 Reaction Rates
9.2 Reaction Order
Zero-Order Reactions First-Order Reactions Second-Order Reactions
Determination of Reaction Order
9.3 Molecularity of a Reaction
Unimolecular Reactions Bimolecular Reactions Termolecular Reactions
9.4 More Complex Reactions
Reversible Reactions Consecutive Reactions Chain Reactions
9.5 The Effect of Temperature on Reaction Rates
The Arrhenius Equation
9.6 Potential Energy Surfaces
9.7 Theories of Reaction Rates
Collision Theory Transition-State Theory Thermodynamic Formulation of Transition-State Theory
9.8 Isotope Effects in Chemical Reactions
9.9 Reactions in Solution
9.10 Fast Reactions in Solution
The Flow Method The Relaxation Method
9.11 Oscillating Reactions
Chapter 10 Enzyme Kinetics
10.1 General Principles of Catalysis
Enzyme Catalysis
10.2 The Equations of Enzyme Kinetics
Michaelis-Menten Kinetics Steady-State Kinetics The Significance of KM and Vmax
10.3 Chymotrypsin: A Case Study
10.4 Multisubstrate Systems
The Sequential Mechanism The Nonsequential or "Ping-Pong" Mechanism
10.5 Enzyme Inhibition
Reversible Inhibition Irreversible Inhibition
10.6 Allosteric Interactions
Oxygen Binding to Myoglobin and Hemoglobin The Hill Equation The Concerted Model The Sequential Model Conformational Changes in Hemoglobin Induced by Oxygen Binding
10.7 The Effect of pH on Enzyme Kinetics
Chapter 11 Quantum Mechanics and Atomic Structure
11.1 The Wave Theory of Light
11.2 Planck's Quantum Theory
11.3 The Photoelectric Effect
11.4 Bohr's Theory of the Hydrogen Emission Spectrum
11.5 de Broglie's Postulate
11.6 The Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle
11.7 The Schrφdinger Wave Equation
11.8 Particle in a One-Dimensional Box
Electronic Spectra of Polyenes
11.9 Quantum-Mechanical Tunneling
11.10 The Schrφdinger Wave Equation for the Hydrogen Atom
11.11 Many-Electron Atoms and the Periodic Table
Electronic Configurations
Variations in Periodic Properties
Chapter 12 The Chemical Bond
12.1 Lewis Structures
12.2 Valence Bond Theory
12.3 Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals
12.4 Electronegativity and Dipole Moment
12.5 Molecular Orbital Theory
12.6 Diatomic Molecules
Homonuclear Diatomic Molecules of the Second-Period Elements Heteronuclear Diatomic Molecules of the Second-Period Elements
12.7 Resonance and Electron Delocalization
12.8 Coordination Compounds
Crystal Field Theory Molecular Orbital Theory Valence Bond Theory
12.9 Coordination Compounds in Biological Systems
Copper Cobalt, Manganese and Nickel
Toxic Heavy Metals
Chapter 13 Intermolecular Forces
13.1 Intermolecular Interactions
13.2 The Ionic Bond
13.3 Types of Intermolecular Forces
Dipole-Dipole Interaction Ion-Dipole Interaction Ion-Induced Dipole and Dipole- Induced Dipole Interactions Dispersion, or London, Forces Repulsive and Total Interactions The Role of Dispersion Forces in Sickle-Cell Anemia
13.4 Hydrogen Bonding
13.5 The Structure and Properties of Water
The Structure of Ice The Structure of Water Some Physiochemical Properties of Water
13.6 Hydrophobic Interaction
Chapter 14 Spectroscopy
14.1 Vocabulary
Absorption and Emission Units Regions of the Spectrum Line Width
Resolution Intensity Selection Rules Signal-to-Noise Ratio The Beer-Lambert Law
14.2 Microwave Spectroscopy
14.3 Infrared Spectroscopy
Simultaneous Vibrational and Rotational Transitions
14.4 Electronic Spectroscopy
Organic Molecules Transition Metal Complexes Molecules that Undergo Charge- Transfer Interactions Application of the Beer-Lambert Law
14.5 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
Chemical Shifts Spin-Spin Coupling NMR and Rate Processes NMR of Nuclei Other than 1H Magnetic Resonance Imagine (MRI)
14.6 Electron Spin Resonance
14.7 Fluorescence and Phosphorescence
Fluorescence Phosphorescence
14.8 Lasers
Properties and Applications of Laser Light
14.9 Optical Rotatory Dispersion and Circular Dichroism
Molecular Symmetry and Optical Activity Polarized Light and Optical Rotation
Optical Rotatory Dispersion (ORD) and Circular Dichroism (CD)
Chapter 15 Photochemistry and Photobiology
15.1 Introduction
Thermal Versus Photochemical Reactions Primary Versus Secondary Processes
Quantum Yields Measurement of Light Intensity Action Spectrum
15.2 Photosynthesis
The Chloroplast Chlorophyll and Other Pigment Molecules The Reaction Center
Photosystems I and II
15.3 Vision
Structure of Rhodopsin Mechanism of Vision Rotation About the C=C Bond
15.4 Biological Effects of Radiation
Sunlight and Skin Cancer Photomedicine
Chapter 16 Macromolecules
16.1 Methods for Determining Size, Shape, and Molar Mass of Macromolecules
Molar Mass of Macromolecules Sedimentation in the Ultracentrifuge Viscosity
Electrophoresis
16.2 Structure of Synthetic Polymers
Configuration and Conformation The Random-Walk Model
16.3
Structure of Proteins and DNA
Proteins DNA
16.4 Protein Stability
Hydrophobic Interaction Denaturation Protein Folding
Appendices
Glossary
Answers to Even-Numbered Computational Problems
Index
