Chapter 1 Introduction
1.1 Nature of Physical Chemistry
1.2 Units
1.3 Atomic Mass, Molecular Mass, and the Chemical Mole
Chapter 2 The Gas Laws
2.1 Some Basic Definitions
2.2 An Operational Definition of Temperature
2.3 Boyle's Law
2.4 Charles' and Gay-Lussac's Law
2.5 Avogadro's Law
2.6 The Ideal Gas Equation
2.7 Dalton's Law of Partial Pressures
2.8 Real Gases
2.9 Condensation of Gases and the Critical State
Chapter 3 Kinetic Theory of Gases
3.1 The Model
3.2 Pressure of a Gas
3.3 Kinetic Energy and Temperature
3.4 The Maxwell Distribution Laws
3.5 Molecular Collisions and the Mean Free Path
3.6 Gas Viscosity
3.7 Graham's Laws of Diffusion and Effusion
3.8 Equipartition of Energy
Appendix 3.1 Derivation of Equation (3.24)
Appendix 3.2 Total and Partial Differentiation
Chapter 4 The First Law of Thermodynamics
4.1 Work and Heat
4.2 The First Law of Thermodynamics
4.3 Enthalpy
4.4 A Closer Look at Heat Capacities
4.5 Gas Expansion
4.6 Thermochemistry
4.7 Bond Energies and Bond Enthalpies
Appendix 4.1 Exact and Inexact Differentials
Chapter 5 The Second Law of Thermodynamics
5.1 Spontaneous Processes
5.2 Entropy
5.3 The Carnot Heat Engine
5.4 The Second Law of Thermodynamics
5.5 Entropy Changes
5.6 The Third Law of Thermodynamics
5.7 Residual Entropy
Appendix 5.1 Statements of the Second Law of Thermodynamics
Chapter 6 Gibbs and Helmholtz Energies and Their Applications
6.1 Gibbs and Helmholtz Energies
6.2 Meaning of Helmholtz and Gibbs Energies
6.3 Standard Molar Gibbs Energy of Formation (ÆfG°)
6.4 Dependence of Gibbs Energy on Temperature and Pressure
6.5 Gibbs Energy and Phase Equilibria
6.6 Thermodynamics of Rubber Elasticity
Appendix 6.1 Some Thermodynamic Relationships
Appendix 6.2 Derivation of the Phase Rule
Chapter 7 Nonelectrolyte Solutions
7.1 Concentration Units
7.2 Partial Molar Quantities
7.3 The Thermodynamics of Mixing
7.4 Binary Mixtures of Volatile Liquids
7.5 Real Solutions
7.6 Phase Equilibria of Two-Component Systems
7.7 Colligative Properties
Chapter 8 Electrolyte Solutions
8.1 Electrical Conduction in Solution
8.2 A Molecular View of the Solution Process
8.3 Thermodynamics of Ions in Solution
8.4 Ionic Activity
8.5 Debye-Huckel Theory of Electrolytes
8.6 Colligative Properties of Electrolyte Solutions
8.7 Biological Membranes
Appendix 8.1 Notes on Electrostatics
Appendix 8.2 The Donnan Effect Involving Proteins Bearing Multiple Charges
Chapter 9 Chemical Equilibrium
9.1 Chemical Equilibrium in Gaseous Systems
9.2 Reactions in Solution
9.3 Heterogeneous Equilibria
9.4 The Influence of Temperature, Pressure, and Catalysts on the Equilibrium Constant
9.5 Binding of Ligands and Metal Ions to Macromolecules
9.6 Bioenergetics
Appendix 9.1 The Relationship Between Fugacity and Pressure
Appendix 9.2 The Relationships Between K1 and K2 and the Intrinsic Dissociation Constant K
Chapter 10 Electrochemistry
10.1 Electrochemical Cells
10.2 Single-Electrode Potential
10.3 Thermodynamics of Electrochemical Cells
10.4 Types of Electrodes
10.5 Types of Electrochemical Cells
10.6 Applications of EMF Measurements
10.7 Potentiometric Titration of Redox Reactions
10.8 Biological Oxidation
10.9 Membrane Potential
Chapter 11 Acids and Bases
11.1 Definitions of Acids and Bases
11.2 Dissociation of Acids and Bases
11.3 Salt Hydrolysis
11.4 Acid-Base Titrations
11.5 Diprotic and Polyprotic Acids
11.6 Amino Acids
11.7 Buffer Solutions
11.8 Maintaining the pH of Blood
Appendix 11.1 A More Exact Treatment of Acid-Base Equilibria
Chapter 12 Chemical Kinetics
12.1 Reaction Rate
12.2 Reaction Order
12.3 Molecularity of a Reaction
12.4 More Complex Reactions
12.5 Effect of Temperature on Reaction Rates
12.6 Potential-Energy Surfaces
12.7 Theories of Reaction Rates
12.8 Isotope Effects in Chemical Reactions
12.9 Reactions in Solution
12.10 Fast Reactions in Solution
12.10 Oscillating Reactions
Appendix 12.1 Derivation of Equation (12.9)
Appendix 12.2 Derivation of Equation (12.38)
Chapter 13 Enzyme Kinetics
13.1 General Principles of Catalysis
13.2 The Equations of Enzyme Kinetics
13.3 Chymotrypsin: A Case Study
13.4 Multisubstrate Systems
13.5 Enzyme Inhibition
13.6 Allosteric Interactions
13.7 pH Effects on Enzyme Kinetics
Appendix 13.1 Kinetic Analysis of the Hydrolysis of p-Nitrophenyl Trimethylacetate Catalyzed by Chymotrypsin
Appendix 13.2 Derivations of Equations (13.17) and (13.19)
Appendix 13.3 Derivation of Equation (13.32)
Chapter 14 Quantum Mechanics
14.1 The Wave Theory of Light
14.2 Planck's Quantum Theory
14.3 The Photoelectric Effect
14.4 Bohr's Theory of Hydrogen Emission Spectra
14.5 de Broglie's Postulate
14.6 The Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle
14.7 The Schrodinger Wave Equation
14.8 Particle in a One Dimensional Box
14.9 Quantum-Mechanical Tunneling
14.10 The Schrodinger Wave Equation for the Hydrogen Atom
14.11 Many-Electron Atoms and the Periodic Table
Chapter 15 The Chemical Bond
15.1 Lewis Structures
15.2 Valence Bond Theory
15.3 Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals
15.4 Electronegativity and Dipole Moments
15.5 Molecular Orbital Theory
15.6 Diatomic Molecules
15.7 Resonance and Electron Delocalization
15.8 Coordination Compounds
15.9 Coordination Compounds in Biological Systems
Chapter 16 Intermolecular Forces
16.1 Intermolecular Interactions
16.2 The Ionic Bond
16.3 Types of Intermolecular Forces
16.4 The Hydrogen Bond
16.5 Structure and Properties of Water
16.4 The Hydrophobic Interaction
Chapter 17 Spectroscopy
17.1 Vocabulary
17.2 Microwave Spectroscopy
17.3 Infrared Spectroscopy
17.4 Electronic Spectroscopy
17.5 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
17.6 Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy
17.7 Fluorescence and Phosphorescence
17.8 Lasers
Appendix 17.1 Fourier-Transform Spectroscopy
Chapter 18 Molecular Symmetry and Optical Activity
18.1 Symmetry of Molecules
18.2 Polarized Light and Optical Rotation
18.3 Optical Rotatory Dispersion and Circular Dichroism
Chapter 19 Photochemistry and Photobiology
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Earth's Atmosphere
19.3 The Greenhouse Effect
19.4 Photochemical Smog
19.5 The Essential Role of Ozone in the Stratosphere
19.6 Photosynthesis
19.7 Vision
19.8 Biological Effects of Radiation
Chapter 20 The Solid State
20.1 Classification of Crystal Systems
20.2 The Bragg Equation
20.3 Structural Determination by X-ray Diffraction
20.4 Types of Crystals
Appendix 20.1 Derivation of Equation (20.3)
Chapter 21 The Liquid State
21.1 Structure of Liquids
21.2 Viscosity
21.3 Surface Tension
21.4 Diffusion
21.5 Liquid Crystals
Appendix 21.1 Derivation of Equation (21.13)
Chapter 22 Macromolecules
22.1 Methods for Determining the Size, Shape, and Molar Mass of Macromolecules
22.2 Structure of Synthetic Polymers
22.3 Structure of Proteins and DNA
22.4 Protein Stability
Appendix 22.1 DNA Fingerprinting
Chapter 23 Statistical Thermodynamics
23.1 Macrostates and Microstates
23.2 The Boltzmann Distribution Law
23.3 The Partition Function
23.4 Molecular Partition Function
23.5 Thermodynamic Quantities from Partition Functions
23.6 Chemical Equilibrium
23.7 Transition-State Theory
Appendix 23.1 Justification of Q = qN/N! for Indistinguishable Particles
Appendices
A. Review of Mathematics and Physics
B. Thermodynamic Data
Glossary
Answers to Even-Numbered Numerical Problems
Index